SUPERVISION/MANAGEMENT - Motivation
MOTIVATION
Motivation is the set of forces that initiate behaviour and determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration.
Motivation is defined in relation to a set of forces that drive behaviour.
Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
_ based on 2 key assumptions
different needs are active at different times and needs not yet satisfied can influence behaviour
needs are arranged in a fixed order of importance (hierarchy)
behaviour is triggered by a need – the individual is driven by the amount of tension it creates.
Five category of needs (reverse triangle –bottom up starting with Physiological)
Physiological Needs (food/sleep/physical movement
Safety Needs (freedom from fear or harm, stability,predictability
Social Needs ( friendship,love,teamwork)
Self Esteem (status and reputation)
Self Actualization (fulfillment of human potential/personal growth
Maslow makes no mention of environmental effects on behaviour
ex. Having a baby..need more money…going to work more hours
Herzbergs Two Factor Theory
Not being satisfied is different from dissatisfaction!???
Hygiene factors (maintenance factors) EXTRINSIC – factors that are related to aspects of work not related to the task (ie. Less bathrooms ..less satisfaction) – out of the individuals hands….
Motivators (factors leading to satisfaction) INTRINSIC
Achievement
Recognition
Advancement
VROOMS Expectancy Theory
V.I.E (Valence, Instrumentality,Expectancy)
Valance – refers to the value of the outcome to the individual (rewards)
Desirable rewards encourage effort and vice versa
Instrumentality
Outcome is successful completion of your job at an above average level
The measure of performance against the reward
Expectancy
The ability to do the job and that it will be rewarded
Reinforcement Theory
Behaviours that have positive consequences are likely to be repeated
Behaviours with negative consequences are likely to be avoided
Contingent reward – based on level of effort (highest sales gets you a trip)
Non-Contingent rewards – no linked to any specific behaviour
Increasing the Behaviour
Positive reinforcement – reward makes it worthwhile
Negative reinforcement – ill stop asking you about workflow..if you do your workflow
Decreasing behaviour
Punishment – naturally occurring phenomenon. Kid falls off bike..learns to correctly balance.
Hot stove rule – punishment should be swift,intense,impersonal and consistent
Extinction – reward withdrawn over time
Goal Setting Theory
Defines
Goal Acceptance as a psychological embracing of the goal.
Goal commitment as behavioural follow-through -
Alderfers ERG Theory
In response to gaps in Maslows needs hierarchy theory, Alderfer identifies 3 basic needs, rather than Maslows 5
Existence - Basic need for survival, food, shelter and clothing
Relatedness - Needs that are part of building and maintaining social relationships
Growth - Intrinsic desires for knowledge, creativity, and ability to learn new and different things
Frustration Regression - describes the situation where we find ourselves unable to satisfy a need and, in reaction to the unsatisfied need , we regress toward a lower need.
McClelland's Learned Needs Theory
Believed basic needs are transmitted or learned through culture and that the need for achievement was a power motivator. A persons unconscious mind is the key to unlocking his/her needs.
Identifying the Need - McClelland showed subjects pictures to determine needs/motives
Measuring the Need - Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) used to determine dominant needs
Motivating the Individual - Once dominant need is identified, strategy is developed to satisfied needs
Three Dominant Needs
Need for achievement
Need for affiliation
Need for power
Equity Theory
....to be continued....